Foreign Language Federations (1890s - 1930) - Jewish

JEWISH (YIDDISH) LANGUAGE FEDERATIONS

Earliest Radical Jewish Organizations and Press in the United States
The First Congress of the Second International, held in Paris in 1889, included among its delegates a representative of the Jewish socialist movement in America. Organization among the Jewish workers had begun to blossom by 1890, when the first Yiddish language socialist newspaper in America was established in New York, the Arbeiter Zeitung.
For seven years, a group called the Jewish Agitation Bureau served as a center for various independent socialist groups. The Jewish Agitation Bureau had neither adequate funding nor sufficient authority amongst the various groups, however, and it was unable to establish a truly united federation of Jewish socialist groups.


The Jewish Agitation Bureau of the United States and Canada
The Jewish Agitation Bureau was established in 1908, the product of a number of prominent Jewsish leaders in the Socialist Party of New York, including Benjamin Feigenbaum, Meyer Gillis, Max Kaufman, and others. This organization was essentially a central clearing house for Yiddish-language Socialist Party Branches, maintaining communications and coordinating the production and sale of Yiddish-language leaflets and pamphlets. The individual Yiddish branches were organized as part of the regular state and county party structure, paying full dues to those party organizations and differing from English-language branches only in the language in which they conducted their business.


1. Convention --- Rochester, NY --- xxxxx 1908.

 
Max Kaufman of Rochester was named the first Secretary of the Jewish Agitation Bureau. Headquarters were maintained at 141 Division Street, New York. The bureau was composed of affiliated SP branches, which were assessed up to $10 a month for upkeep of the central office. The Jewish Agitation Bureau published a number of books including a history of the US by B. Salzman, "Workingmen, Next!" by Benjamin Feigenbaum, and others. The bureau toured a number of speakers including Charney Vladeck, Abraham Shiplacoff, and others.
The Jewish Agitation Bureau sent Barnet Wolff and Meyer London to the 1910 Congress of the Socialist Party as fraternal delegates, with voice but no vote.
By the May 1912 Convention of the SPA, the Jewish Socialist Agitation Bureau counted about 80 Yiddish-language branches in 30 states with which it was in communication. An agitation inside the Jewish Agitation Bureau had emerged which sought a semi-autonomous status for the organized Jewish branches akin to the SPA's Finnish Federation.

[fn: J.Panken: "Report Submitted in Behalf of the Jewish Socialist Agitation Bureau" in Proceedings: National Convention of the Socialist Party, 1912. (Chicago, IL: The Socialist Party, n.d. [1912]), pg. 244; "Jewish Group in Party Will Convene Today," NY Call, Sept. 3, 1921, pg. 7.]

 



The Jewish Federation of the Socialist Party


1. Convention of Jewish Socialist Party Branches -- Patterson, NJ -- May 30 - June 2, 1912.
A convention of Jewish Socialist Party branches was held in Paterson, NJ, from May 30th to June 2nd, 1912. It was there decided to form the Jeiwsh Socialist Federation, which would then affiliation with the Socialist Party in accordance with provisions made for Language Federations at the 1912 SPA Convention at Indianapolis. On July 31, 1912, the Jewish Socialist Federation came into formal existence. The National Executive Committee of the SPA was quick to grant the new group affiliation, but it insisted that the group's Secretary, J.B. Salutsky, come to Chicago to work in the National Office as Translator-Secretary. This move was not possible until after the fall presidential campaign. Therefore, it was only on Nov. 20, 1912, that the Jewish Federation had a Translator-Secretary in Chicago.
At the time of its affiliation, the Jewish Federation was composed of 24 branches, with a total membership of about 800. The next 8 months saw dramatic growth, with a total of 68 branches standing as of April 1, 1913, with some 1,993 members in good standing and another 700 on the rolls as members in arrears.
The Jewish Federation began publishing propaganda in Yiddish its first year, including 100,000 copies of the Socialist Party Platform, two leaflets by SPA Presidential candidate Eugene V. Debs, and a translation of "Your Growing Grocery Bill," by allen Benson. The Federation also published 10,000 copies of a 24-page May Day magazine.

[fn: J.B. Salutsky, "Report of the Jewish Translator-Secretary," leaflet printed for the National Committee, SPA, ([Chicago]:{Socialist Party of America], [1913]), pp. 1-2.]

 

2. 1st National Convention of the Jewish Socialist Federation -- New Haven, CT -- Xxxxx XX, 1913.

 

 

3. 2nd National Convention of the Jewish Socialist Federation -- Philadelphia, PA -- May 28, 1915.

There were 75 delegates to the 2nd National Convention of the JSF, held in Philadelphia in May of 1915. Seventy of these delegates were men and five women; of these 43 were shop workers and 44 were American citizens, with an additional 20 having taken out their first citizenship papers. Theresa S. Malkiel attended the gathering as the fraternal delegate of the Socialist Party National Committee.

[fn: Melech Epstein, The Jew and Communism. (New York: Trade Union Sponsoring Committee, 1959), pp. 59-60.]

 
This group continued its pattern of rapid growth, quickly becoming one of the SPA's largest Language Federations, with a claimed membership of about 5,000 in 1915. The group published a weekly newspaper called Naye Welt [The New World], edited by Jacob Salutsky from 1914, and a quarterly magazine, The Time.

[fn: I.B. Bailin, " Socialist Activities Among the Jews" in The American Labor Year-Book, 1916. (NY: Rand School Press, 1916), pp. 138-140.]

 

4. National Conference of the Jewish Socialist Federation -- (New York?) -- March 11, 1917.
The March 1917 conference called by the Jewish Socialist Federation seems to have been a multi-party affair on the question of the European war. The National Workers' Committee and the United Hebrew Trades both endorsed the Conference, which passed a resolution stating "We ar e against war not because we side with this or the other camp of the belligerent countries. We are against war generally. We are not pro-German or pro-Ally. We are pro-proletarian."

[fn: Melech Epstein, The Jew and Communism. (New York: Trade Union Sponsoring Committee, 1959), pg. 61]

 

5. 3rd National Convention of the Jewish Socialist Federation -- New York, NY -- May 26-30, 1917.
The May 1917 Convention of the Jewish Socialist Federation endorsed the majority report on War and Militarism of the St. Louis Emergency National Convention. It determined to establish a network of Socialist schools under the auspices of the branches, with instruction to take place in either Yiddish or English.
B. Hoffman, Olgin, and J.B. Salutsky were elected to the Board of Direction of Naye Welt [The New World], and the names of Salutsky and Max Lulow were put into nomination for the position of Secretary of the JSF, to be determined by vote of the membership.
A resolution was passed calling for the expulsion of C.E. Russell, William English Walling, and J.G. Phelps Stokes for their public endorsement of the war policy of the Wilson regime.
The convention closed with speeches by J. Baskin, General Secretary of the Workmen's Circle; Morris Siskind, editor of the Jewish Labor World in Chicago; Dr. Frank Rosenblatt, Dr. B. Hoffman, J.B. Salutsky, and Louis Shaffer.

[fn: "Jewish Socialist Federation Endorses Majority War Resolution," NY Call, May 31, 1917, pg. 4.

The first Jewish Left Wing Socialist group was formed early in 1919 in New York City. Five people were present at the creation, all men in their 20s: Frank Geliebter, Harry Hiltzik, Lazar Kling, William Abrams, and Ben Solomon. The group met in a basement restaurant on the corner of Jefferson and Madison Streets and called their group the "Left Wing of the Jewish Socialist Federation." The group had only weak ties to the broad Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party but did meet regularly and gained adherents among young Jews of their age. The group circulated a letter accusing Naye Welt of "chauvinistic social patriotism" for that paper's move towards embracing the Wilsonian "14 Points."
Other Left Wing Jewish groups sprang up in Boston, New Haven, Philadelphia, Chicago, and Detroit.
On Feb. 16, 1919, a Left Wing Yiddish-language organ was born, a weekly called Der Kampf, edited by Philip Geliebter and Hertz Burgin. Burgin, a former member of the editorial staff of Abraham Cahan's Daily Forward, later went on to work for many years for the Soviet-American Trading Company, Armtorg.

[fn: Melech Epstein, The Jew and Communism. (New York: Trade Union Sponsoring Committee, 1959), pp. 67-69.]

 

 

6. National Conference --- New York, NY --- May XX-XX, 1918.
According to Harry Hiltzik, the leadership of the Jewish Federation held a national conference in New York city in May 1918 to repudiate the St. Louis resolution of the Socialist Party and to endorse a social-patriotic position on the war. The conference voted 25 to 19 to suport the Wilson administration's war effort.

[fn. Speech of Harry Hiltzig to the Left Wing National Conference, New York, June 1921, published in The Revolutionary Age, Aug. 2, 1919, pg. 16.]

7. 4th National Convention of the Jewish Socialist Federation -- Boston, MA -- May 29-June 1, 1919.
The 4th National Convention, held in Boston from May 29 to June 1, 1919, saw the split of the Jewish Socialist Federation into Left and Right Wings. The meeting was attended by 136 delegates, representing branches in 26 states. Parallel delegations were sent by a number of branches, resulting in numerous contests and a great deal of bitter debate. The majority, loyal to the SPA, was led by Moissaye Olgin, J.B. Bielin, and Jacob Mindel; the minority Left by Alexander Bittelman, Meyer Lunin, and Harry Hiltzik. There was sharp division on the question of the organization's tactics and program, with the Left advocating an immediate split with the SPA and a program calling for the dictatorship of the proletariat. In the test, the majority resolution received 74 votes, the Left's resolution 38 votes, with 17 abstentions. After defeat of its motion to leave the SPA, the Left Wing minority of the convention, led by Alex Bittelman, bolted the gathering to form what was first called the "Jewish Left Wing Federation of the Socialist Party." On June 27, 1919, the Yiddish-language journal Der Kampf [The Struggle], started in February 1919 by the Downtown Manhattan Jewish Branch, was made the weekly organ of this "Jewish Left Wing Federation."

[fn: Melech Epstein, The Jew and Communism. (New York: Trade Union Sponsoring Committee, 1959), pp. 69-72; speech of Harry Hiltzig to the National Left Wing Conference, New York, June 1921, published in The Revolutionary Age, Aug. 2, 1919, pg. 16; John Holmes, PhD Dissertation in Preparation (2007), Chapter 3.]

 

7A. There seems to have been some sort of 5th Regular Convention in 1921.

 
The departure of its Left Wing did not terminate the Jewish Socialist Federation. The organization stayed within the SP through its period of decline until in 1921, when in the aftermath of the SP's Detroit Convention (June 25-29), a majority of the JSF's Executive Committee voted to leave the Socialist Party. A special convention was called for September 1921 in New York to act on this recommendation.


8. Special Convention of the Jewish Socialist Federation -- New York, NY -- Sept. 3-5, 1921.
The September 1921 Special Convention, called for the sole purpose of deciding the Jewish Socalist Federation's future relationship with the Socialisti Party, was attended by 77 delegates from 43 branches. According to a press account on the eve of the convention, the ranks of the Federation had by this time dwindled to a mere 500 members. The outcome of the convention was decided in the balloting for a Credentials Committee, which pitted 2 slates against one another -- one supportive of the Federation's Executive Committee and its desire to remove the JSF from the Socialist Party, another loyal to the SPA. All delegates who had been provisionally certified by the Executive Secretary, challenged and unchallenged, were allowed to vote for this Credentials Committee, with a result that the slate supportive of the EC won by a vote of approximately 40 to 25. Late in the evening of the first day, the Credentials Committee and the Convention began to systematically seat challenged delegates seeking removal of the JSF from the SPA, and unseating challenged delegates seeking continued SPA affiliation.
In the afternoon of Sept. 4, all factional maneuvering ended; after 6 hours of rancorous debate, the matter of the Jewish Socialist Federation's relationship to the Socialist Party came to a vote. Some 41 delegates voted for the break with the Socialist Party of America and 34 voted for continued affiliation.
On Sept. 5, the matter of national and international affiliation was discussed and decided by the remaining delegates. A decision was made not to pursue membership in the Communist Party of America, the underground nature of that organization being held to be objectionable. A report expressing willingness to affiliate with the Comintern was passed by a vote of 43 to 3, however. A declaration of principles, briefly reviewing the recent history of the labor movement and indicating that the Jewish Federation was opposed to affiliation with any current radical group, but willing to join with any national organization subscribing to its principles, was approved.
The convention set the dues of the newly independent Jewish Federation at 50 cents per month. Applicants were to be required to have two endorsers, to wait 2 weeks after applying before acceptance, and were to be prohibited from voting on substantial matters for one month. In addition, no one who was a capitalist and derives profit from others' labor were allowed to join, according to the rules adopted.
This independent Jewish Socialist Federation was known as THE WORKERS' COUNCIL.
New York Call daily reports of the convention available here: DAY ONE | DAY TWO | DAY THREE | DAY FOUR

[fn. Jewish Group in Party Will Convene Today," NY Call, Sept. 3, 1921, pg. 7; "Jewish Group Seats Enemies of Party Unity," NY Call, Sept. 4, 1921, pg. 7.; "Loyal Jewish Socialists Quit Seceding Body," NY Call, Sept. 5, 1921, pg. 11; "New Alliance is Created by Jewish Group," NY Call, Sept. 6, 1921, pg. 7.]

The Jewish Socialist Verband of the Socialist Party [JSV]

 

1. Founding Meeting of the Jewish Socialist Verbund -- New York, NY -- Sept. 4-5, 1921.
The losing 34 delegates in the vote of Sept. 4, 1921, immediately walked out of the main hall to another room in the Forward building and held an organizational meeting, which was addressed by Jacob Panken, J. Baskin of the Workmen's Circle, Alexander Kahn, and Executive Secretary Otto Branstetter of the Socilaist Party. The minority delegates determined to form the "Jewish Socialist Verband [Alliance] of the Socialist Party" [JSV]. A committee of 9 was elected to draw up plans for the new organization, to report back the next day, when the dissident delegates would meet again.
The new JSV was formally established on Sept. 5, 1921. Some 36 delegates, representing 24 branches were in attendance. The gathering was addressed by Assemblyman Charles Solomon and Max D. Danish of the ILGWU. While claiming that it had majority support of the branches and members of the JSF, it was retrospectively acknowledge by Alexander Kahn that the JSV had an initial strength of about 250.
Nathan Chanin was elected General Secretary of this new organization. An Executive Committee was elected by the gathering, including A. Lessing, editor of Zukunft [The Future], Max Pine, Alderman B.C. Vladeck, Alexander Kahn, and Benjamin Shainblum. Pledges in the amount of $4,000 were made to support the launch of the new organization.
A week later the group began to issue its own Yiddish-language weekly organ, Der Wecker [The Awakener]. The apparatus associated with the Daily Forward went with the new Verband, while most of the prominent intellectuals and practical workers of the organization stayed with the disaffiliiated JSF, which styled itself as a new political organization, the "Workers Council."

[fn: Melech Epstein, The Jew and Communism. (New York: Trade Union Sponsoring Committee, 1959), pp. 92-97; "Loyal Jewish Socialists Quit Seceding Body," NY Call, Sept. 5, 1921, pg. 11; "New Alliance is Created by Jewish Group," NY Call, Sept. 6, 1921, pg. 7.]

By the summer of 1923, the Jewish Socialist Verband had more than tripled in size, claiming a membership of about 800 members in a May 1923 report to the National Convention of the Socialist Party.

[fn: Alexander Kahn, "Report of the Jewish Alliance," in The Socialist World, July 1923, pg. 10.]
The Socialist Party continued to have an affiliated Jewish Federation throughout the decade of the 1920s and beyond, with the organization maintaining a membership of approximately 590 members in 1927 and 1928 -- roughly 5.2% of the total party membership. This made the SP's Jewish Federation the 3rd largest of its 5 Language Federations.

[fn: Letter of Executive Secretary Willam H. Henry to the NEC, Nov. 24, 1928. Original in Bob Millar collection.]

 




The Jewish Federation of the (old) Communist Party of America


1. First Convention of the Jewish Communist Federation --- Philadelphia, PA -- Oct. 9-12, 1919.
The former Left Wing branches of the Jewish Federation, bound together as the "Jewish Left Wing Federation of the Socialist Party," held their own Convention in Philadelphia from Oct. 9-12, 1919. Forty-five branches from 20 cities, claiming a membership of 3,000, were represented at the gathering at New Auditorium Hall at the Continental Hotel, which was said to have been attended by an audience of over 1400. National Secretary of the Jewish Communist Federation Meyer Lunin reported that Der Kampf's circulation had surpassed that of the rival JSF organ Naye Velt.
The gathering was attended by Nicholas Hourwich and Maximilian Cohen on behalf of the old CPA, both of whom addressed the assembled body. The Convention voted unanimously to affiliate with the CPA, adopting the name Jewish Communist Federation. The gathering adopted the CPA program in its entirety.
The Jewish Communist Federation selected an 8 member Central Executive Committee at the October 1919 convention including Alexander Bittelman, Halpen, Harry Hiltzik, Klintz, Benjamin Lifshitz, Meyer Lunin, Plotkin, Winick.
The illegal underground organ of the JCF of the CPA in the Yiddish language remained Der Kampf [The Struggle], which had first appeared at the end of June, when the "Jewish Left Wing Federation" was first emerging. However, the name of this publication was shortly renamed Funken [Sparks] in echo of Lenin's Iskra.

[fn: C.E. Ruthenberg, " The Party Organization," in The Communist, new series v. 1, no. 5, Oct. 25, 1919, pg. 7; John Holmes, PhD Dissertation in Preparation (2007), Chapter 3.]

 

2. Second Convention of the Jewish Communist Federation --- (city???) -- June 5-12, 1920.
The Jewish Communist Federation was one of the smallest Language Federations of the old CPA. Its paid membership in Feb. 1921 was for only 144 members. May 1921 showed a dues stamp sale of 198, including current and back dues. There were an additional 12 members who were exempt from dues payments, for a total of 210. Comparable figures for June 1921 were 252 paid, 2 exempt, for a total of 254.
Branches of the Jewish Federation of the old CPA were limited to the cities of Brooklyn, Manhattan, Los Angeles, Toronto, Paterson, NJ, Boston, Roxberry, MA, Chicago, St. Paul, and Hartford, CT in mid-1921.
Morris Kushinsky ["M. Hoffman"], later the Philadelphia District Organizer for the unified CPA, was the Sedretary of the Jewish Federation of the CPA in February 1921. By May, he was replaced by "B. Stevens."

[fn: Comintern Archive: f. 515, op. 1, d. 75, l. 21-22; 24.]

 

 



The Jewish Federation of the United Communist Party of America
The departure of Ruthenberg and his allies to unity with the Communist Labor Party at the first Bridgman Convention, held May 26-31, 1920, was marked by the splitting of the Jewish Communist Federation. A number of Jewish branches and members followed Ruthenberg into the UCP. The young dentist Louis Hendin was put in charge of the Jewish Section of the UCP.

[fn: Melech Epstein, The Jew and Communism. (New York: Trade Union Sponsoring Committee, 1959), pg. 79].
The illegal organ in the Yiddish language published by the Jewish Section of the UCP was called Der Komunist.
There were surprisingly few Yiddish language primary party units in the UCP. In December 1920, party records indicate that only 37 of 673 groups used Yiddish, a smaller total than those speaking South Slavic (Croatian, Slovenian), Russian, English, German, and Latvian.

[fn: DoJ/BoI Investigative Files, NARA M-1085, reel 940, doc. 501 -- downloadable below.]

 



The Jewish Federation of the (unified) Communist Party of America
An Arrangement Committee consisting of 3 Jewish Federationists from each the former UCP and the old CPA met on June 24 and 26, 1921, to discuss the details of a merged Jewish Federation in the unified CPA.The group split along party lines over an Editor the name of the press organ of the Federation. Ultimately the name Proletarisher Kampf (Proletarian Struggle) was chosen and a four member Editorial board was chosen. Division remained over the naming of the paid editor, however, with each side favoring its own candidate. The issue was resolved irresolutely, by approving two paid editors for the publication. Even this clumsy solution was sabotaged, when the ex-UCP editor stated that he would not work with any but "professional writers" on the project, a reference to the ex-CPA paid editor. The situation was left up to the Central Executive Committee of the unified CPA for resolution -- itself a body split down the middle along (former) party lines.

[fn: Comintern Archive: f. 515, op. 1, d. 75, l. 27-32, passim.]

 
Both the Jewish Federation of the old CPA and the Jewish Federation of the former UCP made farcically high membership claims during the unification process in July 1921 -- 339 for the old CPA (which had an actual May/June paid+exempt average of 232) and 340 for the ex-UCP.

[fn: Comintern Archive: f. 515, op. 1, d. 75, l. 33.]

 
During the 4 months from August to November 1921, the unified Communist Party's Jewish Federation had an average monthly paid membership of 428. It was the 7th largest of the 10 Language groups in the party.

[fn: Comintern Archive: f. 515, op. 1, d. 75, l.47-50.]

 



The Jewish Section of the Workers Party of America
The Jewish Section of the Workers Party of America was created via the merger of the predominantly Jewish Workers' Council group, a faction led by Moissaye J. Olgin, with the historic Jewish Federation of the unified CPA, a faction headed by Alexander Bittelman.
The Jewish Federation began to publish its organ, Freiheit [Freedom] on April 2, 1922. The publication was edited by Shachno Epstein and M.J. Olgin.
There was an extreme factional struggle pitting the WC-Olgin and JCF-Bittelman factions during the first year of the WPA. The Executive Committee of the Jewish Workers Federation was initially split 50-50 betweent the Olgin and Bittleman factons, with 9 members of the EC hailing from each of the two groups. For the former Workers Council group were: J.B.S. Hardman [Salutsky], M.J. Olgin, Zivyon, Paul Yuditz, Jacob Mindel, Rubin Salzman, Ab. Epstein, David Siegel, and A. Wiener. For the former JCF were: Shachno Epsteind ["J Berson"], Alex Bittelman, Kalmen Marmor, Louis Hendin, Morris Holtman, Meyer Lunin, Hymen Costrell, Noah London, and Taubenshlag.
The 9-9 gridlock on the EC was broken when Noah London (Executive Secretary of the Federation) and Shauchno Epstein began to side with the Olgin group, resulting in a working majority. The Olgin group sought to consolidate its position by rushing a convention in December 1922, to be held before the 2nd National Convention of the WPA rather than after, and in this manner to present the national organization with a fait accompli. This decision came in opposition to the direction of the Central Executive Committee of the WPA and brought about a stinging rebuke of the Olgin group from Ruthenberg for their undisciplined and un-Communist "centrism." Expulsion of the Jewish Bureau was called for and a split of the Jewish Federation seemed likely.
The German Federation sought to prevent a split and immediately intervened, bringing about a meeting between WPA Executive Secretary C.E. Ruthenberg and a committee of three representing the Jewish Bureau (Moissaye Olgin, Meyer London, George Wishnak). Negotiations continued from Friday, Nov. 17 to Thursday, Nov. 23, in which certain conditions were set upon the Jewish Bureau, including the turning over of controlling ownership of the Freiheit to the party, specific rules for factional agitation and publications, and the immediate reimposition of a 50-50 division of the Jewish Bureau between the Olgin and Bittelman factions. The parties were unable to come to an agreement on these terms and the WPA's Administrative Council, with Ruthenberg in the front seat, imposed its terms. The details of these negotiations from Ruthenberg's point of view were written in a letter to the German Bureau on December 1, 1922.
The Comintern weighed in on the matter, and the head of the CI Zinoviev sent a cable to Ruthenberg and the Workers Party in New York. This cable condemned the antics of the Olgin group as a "frivolous breach of discipline" against the Administrative Council of the Workers Party "perpetrated by [a] group which did not even attempt inform its representatives in Moscow" about the object of their conflict and "did not await decision of court of last resort as was their right as well as their duty." Using this cable as additional ammunition, an agreement was brokered between the two factions of the Jewish organization prior to the scheduled Dec. 16, 1922, start of the wildcat convention.
Further emergency negotiations were conducted between the Jewish Bureau and the Administrative Council of the WPA immediately prior to the scheduled wildcat convention of Dec. 16, 1922. An agreement was brokered calling for election of a new Federation Executive Committee consisting of an equal number of members from the Olgin and Bittelman factions, with an additional member chosen by the CEC of the WPA. The Bureau of the Federation was to transfer the ownership of the Federation's official organ, the Freiheit, to the CEC as soon as ownership was similarly transfered to the CEC by other federations. In addition, the new Bureau was to pass a resolution declaring its duty to submit to the discipline of the Central Executive Committee.


1. First Convention of the Jewish Workers Federation --- [city???] -- Dec. 16-17, 1922.

 

 

2. Second Convention of the Jewish Workers Federation --- [city???] -- "Jan. or Feb." 1924.
As of March 1924, the National Organizer of the Jewish Federation of the Workers Party was Meyer Loonin. Secretary of the Jewish Section was Morris Holtman. Manager of the Daily Freiheit was R. Saltzman.

 

3. Third Convention of the Jewish Workers Federation --- [city???] -- Sept. XX-XX, 1925.